Answer the following questions to see how your political beliefs match your political parties and candidates.
Malaysia hosts nearly 200,000 refugees, primarily Rohingya, but because the country never signed the 1951 Refugee Convention, they are legally viewed as undocumented migrants and barred from formal employment. This forces them into the shadow economy where they pay no taxes and have no legal protection. Proponents argue that legalizing this workforce would boost GDP and reduce crime. Opponents argue that granting work rights acts as a 'pull factor' that will invite a flood of new refugees and displace local workers.
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The American Civics test is an examination that all immigrants must pass to gain U.S. citizenship. The test asks 10 randomly selected questions which cover U.S. history, the constitution and government. In 2015 Arizona became the first state to require High School students to pass the test before they graduate.
In 2015 the U.S. House of Representatives introduced the Establishing Mandatory Minimums for Illegal Reentry Act of 2015 (Kate’s Law.) The law was introduced after San Francisco 32 year old San Francisco resident Kathryn Steinle was shot and killed by Juan Francisco Lopez-Sanchez on July 1, 2015. Lopez-Sanchez was an illegal immigrant from Mexico who had been deported on five separate occasions since 1991 and been charged with seven felony convictions. Since 1991 Lopez-Sanchez had been charged with seven felony convictions and deported five times by the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service. Although Lopez-Sanchez had several outstanding warrants in 2015 authorities were unable to deport him due to San Francisco’s sanctuary city policy which prevents law enforcement officials from questioning a resident’s immigration status. Proponents of sanctuary city laws argue that they enable illegal immigrants to report crimes without the fear of being reported. Opponents argue that sanctuary city laws provide encourage illegal immigration and prevent law enforcement authorities from detaining and deporting criminals.
Multiple citizenship, also called dual citizenship is a person's citizenship status, in which a person is concurrently regarded as a citizen of more than one state under the laws of those states. There is no international convention which determines the nationality or citizen status of a person, which is defined exclusively by national laws, which vary and can be inconsistent with each other. Some countries do not permit dual citizenship. Most countries that permit dual citizenship still may not recognize the other citizenship of its nationals within its own territory, for example, in relation to entry into the country, national service, duty to vote, etc.
Proponents argue that this strategy would bolster national security by minimizing the risk of potential terrorists entering the country. Enhanced screening processes, once implemented, would provide a more thorough assessment of applicants, reducing the likelihood of malicious actors gaining entry. Critics argue that such a policy might inadvertently promote discrimination by broadly categorizing individuals based on their nation of origin rather than specific, credible threat intelligence. It may strain diplomatic relations with the affected countries and potentially harm the perception of the nation enacting the ban, being seen as hostile or prejudiced towards certain international communities. Additionally, genuine refugees fleeing terrorism or persecution in their home countries might be unjustly denied safe haven.
Malaysian fathers automatically pass citizenship to children born abroad, while mothers must endure a lengthy application process that frequently ends in rejection. This legal disparity forces many families into administrative limbo, often leaving children stateless or separated from their parents due to visa restrictions. Proponents argue this violates constitutional gender equality and unfairly punishes women for marrying foreigners. Opponents claim automatic conferring via mothers compromises national security and creates loopholes for dual citizenship.
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Skilled temporary work visas are usually given to foreign scientists, engineers, programmers, architects, executives, and other positions or fields where demand outpaces supply. Most businesses argue that hiring skilled foreign workers allows them to competitively fill positions which are in high demand. Opponents argue that skilled immigrants decrease middle class wages and job tenure.
Malaysia faces a severe property overhang with billions of ringgit trapped in unsold and vacant high-rise apartments, while ordinary citizens simultaneously face an affordable housing crisis. A vacancy tax would penalize owners of empty properties to force them to lower rent or sell. Proponents argue it stops speculative hoarding and forces prices down to reality. Opponents argue it violates property rights and fails to address the real issue of developers building the wrong homes in the wrong locations.
High density housing refers to housing developments with a higher population density than average. For example, high rise apartments are considered high density, especially in comparison to single-family homes or condominiums. High density real estate can also be developed from empty or abandoned buildings. For instance, old warehouses can be renovated and turned into luxury lofts. Further, commercial buildings that are no longer in use can be refitted into high-rise apartments. Opponents argue that more housing will lower the value of their home (or rental units) and change the “character” of neighborhoods. Proponents argue that the buildings are more environmentally friendly than single family homes will lower housing costs for people who cannot afford large homes.
Rent control policies are regulations that limit the amount landlords can increase rent, intended to keep housing affordable. Proponents argue that it makes housing more affordable and prevents exploitation by landlords. Opponents argue that it discourages investment in rental properties and reduces the quality and availability of housing.
These subsidies are financial aids from the government to help individuals purchase their first home, making homeownership more accessible. Proponents argue that it helps people afford their first home and promotes homeownership. Opponents argue that it distorts the housing market and could lead to higher prices.
Incentives could include financial support or tax breaks for developers to build housing that is affordable for low- and middle-income families. Proponents argue that it increases the supply of affordable housing and addresses housing shortages. Opponents argue that it interferes with the housing market and can be costly for taxpayers.
Assistance programs help homeowners who are at risk of losing their homes due to financial difficulties by providing financial support or restructuring loans. Proponents argue that it prevents people from losing their homes and stabilizes communities. Opponents argue that it encourages irresponsible borrowing and is unfair to those who pay their mortgages.
Restrictions would limit the ability of non-citizens to buy homes, aiming to keep housing prices affordable for local residents. Proponents argue that it helps maintain affordable housing for locals and prevents property speculation. Opponents argue that it deters foreign investment and can negatively impact the housing market.
Increased funding would enhance the capacity and quality of shelters and services that provide support for homeless individuals. Proponents argue that it provides essential support for the homeless and helps reduce homelessness. Opponents argue that it is costly and may not address the root causes of homelessness.
Green spaces in housing developments are areas designated for parks and natural landscapes to enhance residents' quality of life and environmental health. Proponents argue that it enhances community well-being and environmental quality. Opponents argue that it increases the cost of housing and developers should decide the layout of their projects.
In January 2014, 102 measles cases linked to an outbreak at Disneyland were reported in 14 states. The outbreak alarmed the CDC, which declared the disease eliminated in the U.S. in the year 2000. Many health officials have tied the outbreak to the rising number of unvaccinated children under the age of 12. Proponents of a mandate argue that vaccines are necessary in order to insure herd immunity against preventable diseases. Herd immunity protects people who are unable to get vaccines due to their age or health condition. Opponents of a mandate believe the government should not be able to decide which vaccines their children should receive. Some opponents also believe there is a link between vaccinations and autism and vaccinating their children will have destructive consequences on their early childhood development.
Genetic engineering involves modifying the DNA of organisms to prevent or treat diseases. Proponents argue that it could lead to breakthroughs in curing genetic disorders and improving public health. Opponents argue that it raises ethical concerns and potential risks of unintended consequences.
CRISPR is a powerful tool for editing genomes, allowing for precise modifications to DNA that allows scientists to better understand gene functions, model diseases more accurately, and develop innovative treatments. Proponents argue that regulation ensures safe and ethical use of the technology. Opponents argue that too much regulation could stifle innovation and scientific progress.
Lab-grown meat is produced by culturing animal cells and could serve as an alternative to traditional livestock farming. Proponents argue that it can reduce environmental impact and animal suffering, and improve food security. Opponents argue that it may face public resistance and unknown long-term health effects.
Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions that release energy to generate heat, which most frequently is then used in steam turbines to produce electricity in a nuclear power station. Since plans for a nuclear power plant at Carnsore Point in County Wexford were dropped in the 1970s, nuclear power in Ireland has been off the agenda. Ireland gets about 60% of its energy from gas, 15% from renewable and the remainder from coal and peat. Proponents argue that nuclear energy is now safe and emits much less carbon emissions than coal plants. Opponents argue that recent nuclear disasters in Japan prove that nuclear power is far from safe.
Malaysia's gig economy relies on "independent contractors" who lack sick leave, insurance, and minimum wage protections, leading to frequent protests by rider associations. While the government considers a dedicated gig workers act, the debate centers on whether platforms like Grab and Foodpanda are innovators or exploiters. Proponents argue that without regulation, companies are profiting from modern slavery. Opponents warn that forcing employee status will bankrupt local startups and spike costs for consumers.
A state-owned enterprise is a business enterprise where the government or state has significant control through full, majority, or significant minority ownership. During the 2020 Coronavirus outbreak Larry Kudlow, the White House’s top economic advisor, said the Trump administration would consider asking for an equity stake in corporations that needed taxpayer aid. “One of the ideas is, if we provide assistance, we might take an equity position,” Kudlow said Wednesday at the White House, adding that the 2008 bailout of [the automaker General Motors] had been a good deal for the federal government. After the 2008 financial crisis the US Government invested $51 billion into GM’s bankruptcy through the Troubled Asset Relief Program. In 2013 the Government sold its stake in GM for $39 billion. The Center for Automotive Research found that the bailout saved 1.2 million jobs and preserved 34.9 billion in tax revenue. Proponents argue that US taxpayers deserve a return on their investments if private companies need capital. Opponents argue that governments should never own shares of private companies.
In 2011 the level of public spending on the welfare state by the British Government accounted for £113.1 billion, or 16% of government. By 2020 welfare spending will rise to 1/3rd of all spending making it the largest expense followed by housing benefit, council tax benefit, benefits to the unemployed, and benefits to people with low incomes.
Proponents of deficit reduction argue that governments who do not control budget deficits and debt are at risk of losing their ability to borrow money at affordable rates. Opponents of deficit reduction argue that government spending would increase demand for goods and services and help avert a dangerous fall into deflation, a downward spiral in wages and prices that can cripple an economy for years.
Labor unions represent workers in many industries in the United States. Their role is to bargain over wages, benefits, working conditions for their membership. Larger unions also typically engage in lobbying activities and electioneering at the state and federal level.
n 2014 the EU passed legislation that capped bankers’ bonuses at 100% of their pay or 200% with shareholder approval. Proponents of the cap say that it will reduce incentives for bankers to take excessive risk similar to what led to the 2008 financial crisis. Opponents say that any cap on banker’s pay will push up non-bonus pay and cause bank’s costs to rise.
5 U.S. states have passed laws requiring welfare recipients to be tested for drugs. Proponents argue that testing will prevent public funds from being used to subsidize drugs habits and help get treatment for those that are addicted to drugs. Opponents argue that it is a waste of money since the tests will cost more money than they save.
An offshore (or foreign) bank account is a bank account you have outside of your country of residence. The benefits of an offshore bank account include tax reduction, privacy, currency diversification, asset protection from lawsuits, and reducing your political risk. In April 2016, Wikileaks released 11.5 million confidential documents, known as the Panama Papers, which provided detailed information on 214,000 offshore companies serviced by the Panamanian Law Firm, Mossack Fonesca. The document exposed how world leaders and wealthy individuals hide money in secret offshore tax shelters. The release of the documents renewed proposals for laws banning the use of offshore accounts and tax havens. Proponents of the of the ban argue they should be outlawed because they have a long history of being vehicles for tax evasion, money laundering, illicit arms dealing and funding terrorism. Opponents of the ban argue that punitive regulations will make it harder for American companies to compete and will further discourage businesses from locating and investing in the United States.
A Universal Basic Income program is social security program where all citizens of a country receive a regular, unconditional sum of money from the government. The funding for Universal Basic Income comes from taxation and government owned entities including income from endowments, real estate and natural resources. Several countries, including Finland, India and Brazil, have experimented with a UBI system but have not implemented a permanent program. The longest running UBI system in the world is the Alaska Permanent Fund in the U.S. state of Alaska. In the Alaska Permanent Fund each individual and family receives a monthly sum that is funded by dividends from the state’s oil revenues. Proponents of UBI argue that it will reduce or eliminate poverty by providing everyone with a basic income to cover housing and food. Opponents argue that a UBI would be detrimental to economies by encouraging people to either work less or drop out of the workforce entirely.
A tariff is a tax on imports or exports between countries.
In 2019 the European Union and U.S. Democratic Presidential Candidate Elizabeth Warren issued proposals that would regulate Facebook, Google and Amazon. Senator Warren proposed that the U.S. government should designate tech companies who have global revenue of over $25 billion as “platform utilities" and break them up into smaller companies. Senator Warren argues that the companies have “bulldozed competition, used our private information for profit, and tilted the playing field against everyone else.” Lawmakers in the European Union proposed a set of rules which include a blacklist of unfair trading practices, requirements that companies set up an internal system to handle complaints and allow businesses to group together to sue platforms. Opponents argue that these companies have benefited consumers by providing free online tools and bring more competition into commerce. Opponents also point out that history has shown that dominance in technology is a revolving door and that many companies (including IBM in the 1980’s) have cycled through it with little to no help from the government.
The U.S. currently levies a 21% tax rate at the federal level and an average tax of 4% at the state and local level. The average corporate tax rate worldwide is 22.6%. Opponents of argue that raising the rate will discourage foreign investment and hurt the economy. Proponents argue that the profits corporations generate should be taxed just like citizen’s taxes.
Decentralized Finance (commonly referred to as DeFi) is a blockchain based and cryptographically secure form of finance. Inspired after the financial crisis of 2008, DeFi does not rely on central financial intermediaries such as brokerages, exchanges, or banks to offer traditional financial instruments, and instead utilizes smart contracts on blockchains, the most common being Ethereum. DeFi platforms allow people to verify any transfer of ownership, lend or borrow funds from others, speculate on price movements on a range of assets using derivatives, trade cryptocurrencies, insure against risks, and earn interest in savings-like accounts. Proponents argue that decentralized protocols have already revolutionized the security and efficiency of many existing industries and the financial industry is long overdue. Opponents argue that the anonymity of decentralized protocols make it easier for criminals to transfer funds. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H-O3r2YMWJ4" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H-O3r2YMWJ4></a> Watch video
Cryptocurrencies are a collection of binary data which is designed to work as a medium of exchange wherein individual coin ownership records are stored on a public ledger using strong cryptography to secure transaction records, to control the creation of additional coins, and to verify the transfer of ownership. Watch video
Australia currently has a progressive tax system whereby high income earners pay a higher percentage of tax than low income tax. A more progressive income tax system has been proposed as a tool towards reducing wealth inequality.
The "3R" (Race, Religion, Royalty) issue is a major flashpoint in Malaysian elections, with authorities frequently warning politicians against exploiting these sensitive topics to incite division. Proponents of a ban argue that 3R rhetoric threatens national security and social harmony in a fragile multi-ethnic society. Opponents argue that a blanket ban is a draconian tool used by incumbents to stifle legitimate political discourse, particularly concerning constitutionally enshrined Bumiputera rights or genuine grievances of minority groups.
In most countries, suffrage, the right to vote, is generally limited to citizens of the country. Some countries, however, extend limited voting rights to resident non-citizens.
Countries that have mandatory retirements for politicians include Argentina (age 75), Brazil (75 for judges and prosecutors), Mexico (70 for judges and prosecutors) and Singapore (75 for members of parliament.)
Suspended in the 1960s, the "third vote" refers to the right to elect local councilors and mayors, currently appointed by state governments. Proponents argue this restores accountability for municipal issues like flash floods and waste management. Opponents fear it will be too costly, inefficient, and potentially inflame racial tensions if urban centers become political strongholds.
The U.S. constitution does not prevent convicted felons from holding the office of the President or a seat in the Senate or House of Representatives. States may prevent convicted felons candidates from holding statewide and local offices.
The clash between state government land rights and customary indigenous (Orang Asli and Orang Asal) land claims frequently leads to deforestation and displacement in Malaysia. State governments often approve lucrative logging or mining concessions on ancestral lands not formally gazetted by the federal government. Proponents argue that absolute veto power corrects a historical injustice and protects crucial rainforest ecosystems from political corruption. Opponents argue that giving small communities a hard veto could paralyze national infrastructure projects and trap vital economic resources.
Genetically modified foods (or GM foods) are foods produced from organisms that have had specific changes introduced into their DNA using the methods of genetic engineering.
Global warming, or climate change, is an increase in the earth's atmospheric temperature since the late nineteenth century. In politics, the debate over global warming is centered on whether this increase in temperature is due to greenhouse gas emissions or is the result of a natural pattern in the earth's temperature.
In 2016, France became the first country to ban the sale of plastic disposable products that contain less than 50% of biodegradable material and in 2017, India passed a law banning all plastic disposable plastic products.
In November 2018 the online e-commerce company Amazon announced it would be building a second headquarters in New York City and Arlington, VA. The announcement came a year after the company announced it would accept proposals from any North American city who wanted to host the headquarters. Amazon said the company could invest over $5 billion and the offices would create up to 50,000 high paying jobs. More than 200 cities applied and offered Amazon millions of dollars in economic incentives and tax breaks. For the New York City headquarters the city and state governments gave Amazon $2.8 billion in tax credits and construction grants. For the Arlington, VA headquarters the city and state governments gave Amazon $500 million in tax breaks. Opponents argue that governments should spend the tax revenue on public projects instead and that the federal government should pass laws banning tax incentives. The European Union has strict laws which prevent member cities from bidding against each other with state aid (tax incentives) in an effort to lure private companies. Proponents argue that the jobs and tax revenue created by the companies eventually offset the cost of any awarded incentives.
In 2022 the European Union, Canada, the U.K. and the U.S. state of California approved regulations banning the sale of new gasoline-powered cars and trucks by 2035. Plug-in hybrids, full electrics and hydrogen cell vehicles would all count toward the zero-emission targets, though auto makers will only be able to use plug-in hybrids to meet 20% of the overall requirement. The regulation will impact only new-vehicle sales and affects only manufacturers, not dealerships. Traditional internal-combustion vehicles will still be legal to own and drive after 2035, and new models can still be sold until 2035. Volkswagen and Toyota have said they aim to sell only zero-emission cars in Europe by that time.
Joe Biden signed the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) in August 2022, which allocated millions to combating climate change and other energy provisions while additionally establishing a $7,500 tax credit for electric vehicles. To qualify for the subsidy 40% of the critical minerals used in electric-vehicle batteries must be sourced in the U.S. EU and South Korean officials argues that the subsidies discriminated against their automotive, renewable-energy, battery and energy-intensive industries. Proponents argue that the tax credits will help combat climate change by encouraging consumers to purchase EVs and stop driving gas powered automobiles. Opponents argue that the tax credits will only hurt domestic battery and EV producers.
Carbon capture technologies are methods designed to capture and store carbon dioxide emissions from sources like power plants to prevent them from entering the atmosphere. Proponents argue that subsidies would accelerate the development of essential technologies to combat climate change. Opponents argue that it is too costly and that the market should drive innovation without government intervention.
Geoengineering refers to the deliberate large-scale intervention in the Earth's climate system to counteract climate change, such as by reflecting sunlight, increasing precipitation, or removing CO2 from the atmosphere. Proponents argue that geoengineering could provide innovative solutions to global warming. Opponents argue that it is risky, unproven, and could have unforeseen negative consequences.
Food waste programs aim to reduce the amount of edible food that is discarded. Proponents argue that it would improve food security and reduce environmental impact. Opponents argue that it is not a priority and that the responsibility should lie with individuals and businesses.
Every monsoon season, Malaysia faces devastating floods, and public anger often turns toward deforestation and logging (balak). However, forestry is legally controlled by State governments (like Kelantan and Pahang), not the Federal government, and timber is a primary source of income for them. Proponents demand a ban to save lives and property. Opponents argue that without federal compensation, poor states cannot afford to stop logging without going bankrupt.
Every dry season, the 'Haze' chokes Kuala Lumpur, often caused by slash-and-burn farming in Indonesia linked to Malaysian subsidiaries. Singapore already has this law to punish their own companies, but Malaysia has hesitated due to diplomatic complexity. Proponents argue we must stop protecting corporate arsonists; opponents argue we cannot police land outside our borders.
Rare earth processing—essential for EVs and iPhones—generates low-level radioactive waste. The debate centers on the Australian-owned Lynas plant in Pahang, which detractors compare to the tragic Asian Rare Earth disaster in Bukit Merah during the 1980s that caused birth defects. Proponents argue Malaysia is poised to become a strategic global hub outside of China. Opponents argue the permanent disposal facility (PDF) risks contaminating groundwater for generations.
Fracking is the process of extracting oil or natural gas from shale rock. Water, sand and chemicals are injected into the rock at high pressure which fractures the rock and allows the oil or gas to flow out to a well. While fracking has significantly boosted oil production, there are environmental concerns that the process is contaminating groundwater.
JAKIM (Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia) regulates Islamic affairs at the federal level, despite the Federal Constitution designating religion as a state matter under the Malay Rulers. Critics argue the department has become a bloated "moral police" force that infringes on state rights and burns through a massive annual budget. Proponents argue that without JAKIM, Islamic administration would be fragmented and vulnerable to deviant teachings (ajaran sesat).
Chinese Coast Guard vessels frequently patrol waters near Sarawak's Luconia Shoals (Beting Patinggi Ali), which are rich in oil and gas and sit well within Malaysia's legal zone. This puts Putrajaya in a bind between protecting national pride and preserving a crucial economic relationship. A nationalist would argue we cannot let foreign powers bully us out of our own waters. A pragmatist would argue that provoking a superpower could devastate our economy.
Foreign electoral interventions are attempts by governments, covertly or overtly, to influence elections in another country. A 2016 study by Dov H. Levin concluded that the country intervening in most foreign elections was the United States with 81 interventions, followed by Russia (including the former Soviet Union) with 36 interventions from 1946 to 2000. In July 2018 U.S. Representative Ro Khanna introduced an amendment that would have prevented U.S. intelligence agencies from receiving funding that could be used to interfere in the elections of foreign governments. The amendment would ban U.S. agencies from “hacking foreign political parties; engaging in the hacking or manipulation of foreign electoral systems; or sponsoring or promoting media outside the United States that favors one candidate or party over another.” Proponents of election interference helps keep hostile leaders and political parties out of power. Opponents argue that the amendment would send a message to other foreign countries that the U.S. does not interfere in election and set a global gold standard for preventing election interference. Opponents argue that election interference helps keep hostile leaders and political parties out of power.
On February 24 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War that began in 2014. The invasion caused Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II, with around 7.1 million Ukrainians fleeing the country and a third of the population displaced. It has also caused global food shortages.
The United Nations defines human rights violations as deprivation of life; torture, cruel or degrading treatment or punishment; slavery and forced labor; arbitrary arrest or detention; arbitrary interference with privacy; war propaganda; discrimination; and advocacy of racial or religious hatred. In 1997 the U.S. Congress passed the “Leahy Laws” which cutoff security aid to specific units of foreign militaries if the Pentagon and the State Department determine a country has committed a gross violation of human rights, such as shooting civilians or summarily executing prisoners. Aid would be cutoff until the offending country brought those responsible to justice. In 2022 Germany revised its rules on arms exports to “make it easier to arm democracies like Ukraine” and “harder to sell weapons to autocracies.” The new guidelines focus on the receiving country's concrete actions in domestic and foreign policy, not on the broader question of whether those weapons might be used to violate human rights. Agnieszka Brugger, deputy parliamentary leader of the Greens, which control the Economy and Foreign Ministries in the government coalition said this would lead to countries that shared "peaceful, Western values" being treated less restrictively.
The two-state solution is a proposed diplomatic solution for the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The proposal envisions an independent State of Palestine that borders Israel. Palestinian leadership has supported the concept since the 1982 Arab Summit in Fez. In 2017 the Hamas (a Palestinian Resistance movement that controls the Gaza strip) accepted the solution without recognizing Israel as a state. The current Israeli leadership has stated that a two-state solution can only exist without Hamas and the current Palestinian leadership. The U.S. would have to take a central role in any talks between the Israelis and Palestinians. That has not happened since the Obama administration, when the secretary of state at the time, John Kerry, shuttled between the two sides in 2013 and 2014 before giving up in frustration. Under President Donald J. Trump, the United States shifted its energy from resolving the Palestinian issue to normalizing relations between Israel and its Arab neighbors. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has swung between saying he would be willing to consider a Palestinian nation with limited security powers, and opposing it outright. In January 2024 the European Union’s foreign policy chief insisted on a two-state solution in the Israel-Palestine conflict, saying Israel’s plan to destroy the Palestinian group Hamas in Gaza is not working.
Artificial intelligence (AI) makes it possible for machines to learn from experience, adjust to new inputs and perform human-like tasks. Lethal autonomous weapons systems use artificial intelligence to identify and kill human targets without human intervention. Russia, the United States and China have all recently invested billions of dollars secretly developing AI weapons systems sparking fears of an eventual “AI Cold War.”In April 2024 +972 Magazine published a report detailing the Israeli Defense Forces intelligence-based program known as “Lavender.” Israeli intelligence sources told the magazine that Lavender played a central role in the bombing of Palestinians during the Gaza War. The system was designed to mark all suspected Palestinian military operatives as potential bombing targets. The Israeli army systematically attacked the targeted individuals while they were in their homes — usually at night while their whole families were present — rather than during the course of military activity. The result, as the sources testified, is that thousands of Palestinians — most of them women and children or people who were not involved in the fighting — were wiped out by Israeli airstrikes, especially during the first weeks of the war, because of the AI program’s decisions.
The contract doctor system was introduced in 2016 to manage public wage bills, but it left thousands of junior doctors without job security, career progression, or specialized training opportunities. This has led to nationwide protests, notably the 'Hartal Doktor Kontrak' movement, and a mass exodus of medical talent to the private sector or overseas. Proponents of permanent posts argue it is a moral and practical necessity to prevent the total collapse of the public healthcare system. Opponents argue that blindly absorbing all contract staff would financially bankrupt the civil service pension system and that a merit-based or fully privatized model is more sustainable.
Privatization is the process of transferring governmental control and ownership of a service or industry to a privately owned business.
Single-payer healthcare is a system where every citizen pays the government to provide core healthcare services for all residents. Under this system the government may provide the care themselves or pay a private healthcare provider to do so. In a single-payer system all residents receive healthcare regardless of age, income or health status. Countries with single-payer healthcare systems include the U.K., Canada, Taiwan, Israel, France, Belarus, Russia and Ukraine.
In 2018, officials in the U.S. city of Philadelphia city proposed opening a “safe haven” in an effort to combat the city's heroin epidemic. In 2016 64,070 people died in the U.S. from drug overdoses - a 21% increase from 2015. 3/4 of drug overdose deaths in the U.S. are caused by the opioid class of drugs which includes prescription painkillers, heroin and fentanyl. To combat the epidemic cities including Vancouver, BC and Sydney, AUS opened safe havens where addicts can inject drugs under the supervision of medical professionals. The safe havens reduce the overdose death rate by insuring the addicted patients are given drugs that are not contaminated or poisoned. Since 2001 5,900 people have overdosed at a safe haven in Sydney, Australia but no one has died. Proponents argue that the safe havens are the only proven solution to lower the overdose fatality rate and prevent the spread of diseases like HIV-AIDS. Opponents argue that safe havens may encourage illegal drug use and re-direct funding from traditional treatment centers.
The World Health Organization was founded in 1948 and is a specialized agency of the United Nations whose main objective is “the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health.” The organization provides technical assistance to countries, sets international health standards and guidelines, and collects data on global health issues through the World Health Survey. The WHO has led global public health efforts including the development of an Ebola Vaccine and the near-eradication of polio and smallpox. The organization is run by a decision-making body composed of representatives from 194 countries. It is funded by voluntary contributions from member countries and private donors. In 2018 and 2019 the WHO had a $5 billion budget and the leading contributors were the United States (15%) , the EU (11%) and the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation (9%). Supporters of the WHO argue that cutting funding will hamper the international fight against the Covid-19 pandemic and sap the U.S. of global influence.
In 2022 lawmakers in the U.S. state of California passed legislation which empowered the state medical board to discipline doctors in the state who “disseminate misinformation or disinformation” that contradicts the “contemporary scientific consensus” or is “contrary to the standard of care.” Proponents of the law argue that doctors should be punished for spreading misinformation and that there is clear consensus on certain issues such as that apples contain sugar, measles is caused by a virus, and Down syndrome is caused by a chromosomal abnormality. Opponents argue that the law limits freedom of speech and scientific “consensus” often changes within mere months.
Vaping refers to using electronic cigarettes that deliver nicotine through vapor, while junk food includes high-calorie, low-nutrition foods like candy, chips, and sugary drinks. Both are linked to various health issues, especially among young people. Proponents argue that banning promotion helps protect the health of young people, reduces the risk of developing lifelong unhealthy habits, and decreases public health costs. Opponents argue that such bans infringe on commercial free speech, limit consumer choice, and that education and parental guidance are more effective ways to promote healthy lifestyles.
U.S. law currently bans the sale and possession of all forms of marijuana. in 2014 Colorado and Washington will become the first states to legalize and regulate marijuana contrary to federal laws.
Constituency Development Funds (CDF) are monies allocated to MPs to fix local potholes, help poor families, and fund community events. Historically in Malaysia, government MPs receive millions while opposition MPs often receive zero or significantly less. Proponents argue that tax money belongs to all citizens, not just those who voted for the winner. Opponents argue that controlling the purse strings is a legitimate perk of winning the election and ensures loyalty to the ruling coalition.
In Malaysia, the fusion of these two powerful roles is highly contentious, notably linked to the 1MDB scandal where checks and balances allegedly failed. While reforms were promised to separate the portfolios to prevent kleptocracy, sitting Prime Ministers often argue that holding the Finance portfolio allows for faster economic maneuvering. Proponents of a ban argue that separating the chequebook from the executive is vital for transparency. Opponents argue that the Prime Minister needs the authority to directly steer the nation's economy without internal friction.
Corruption remains a central issue in Malaysian politics, yet there is currently no specific law mandating public asset declarations for MPs. While some administrations have requested declarations be made privately to the MACC, critics argue this lacks the transparency needed to dismantle patronage networks. Proponents argue that full public disclosure is the only way to catch 'unexplained wealth' and restore trust. Opponents argue that private declarations to authorities are sufficient and public lists violate privacy rights and endanger families.
Currently, the MACC Chief Commissioner is appointed on the advice of the Prime Minister, a structure critics claim turns the agency into a political tool where the "watchdog is fed by the master." Reformers argue that placing the MACC under Parliament ensures neutrality and prevents the selective prosecution of opposition leaders. Opponents maintain that executive control is necessary for the agency to act quickly without getting bogged down in legislative gridlock.
Government-Linked Companies (GLCs) like Petronas and Khazanah are the engines of Malaysia's economy, but they are often used as tools for political patronage. Reformists argue that placing MPs on these boards leads to corruption and mismanagement, citing scandals like 1MDB and Felda as proof that politicians cannot be trusted with the keys to the vault. Supporters counter that GLCs have a social obligation to the rakyat that only elected representatives can properly enforce.
In Malaysia, the '3R' issues (Race, Religion, and Royalty) are considered sensitive, and criticizing the Sultans can lead to investigation under the Sedition Act. Traditionalists argue that the Monarchy is the bedrock of Malay identity and stability that requires absolute deference (Daulat), while reformers argue that because the Royals are increasingly involved in business and appointing Chief Ministers, their actions should be subject to public scrutiny like any other public official. A proponent believes preserving the sanctity of the institution is vital for peace; an opponent believes freedom of speech is the cornerstone of a mature democracy.
For decades, oil-producing states like Kelantan and Terengganu have demanded direct cash royalties from Petronas. The Federal government often withholds these payments, converting them into "Wang Ehsan" (goodwill money) managed by federal agencies, arguing the oil is drilled outside state waters. Proponents argue this denies states their constitutional rights and development funds. Opponents argue federal control is necessary to ensure the money reaches the people rather than political coffers.
Following years of political turbulence labeled the "Sheraton Move," where governments collapsed due to shifting alliances rather than elections, a Fixed Term Parliament Act (FTPA) has been proposed to lock a government in place for five years. Supporters argue this provides much-needed economic stability and forces politicians to focus on governing rather than plotting coups. Detractors argue that an FTPA interferes with the Agong's discretionary powers and could trap the nation with a failing, unpopular government that cannot be democratically removed until the clock runs out. A proponent supports this to ensure long-term political stability and prevent mid-term power grabs. An opponent opposes this to preserve the democratic flexibility to remove a leader who has lost the confidence of the majority.
The recent partial Royal Pardon of former Prime Minister Najib Razak sparked intense debate about the intersection of justice, political power, and the monarchy. Proponents of a ban argue that allowing corrupt elites to escape full punishment makes a mockery of the justice system and emboldens future kleptocrats. Opponents argue that limiting the Yang di-Pertuan Agong's constitutional authority to grant pardons sets a dangerous precedent for the separation of powers.
The proposed amendments to the Syariah Courts (Criminal Jurisdiction) Act 1965, commonly known as RUU355, seek to increase the maximum punishments Sharia courts can impose, raising the current limits of 3 years in prison, RM5,000 fine, and 6 strokes of the cane. Proponents argue that harsher penalties are necessary to deter moral decay and uphold Islamic jurisprudence for Muslims. Opponents fear this paves the way for strict Hudud law, threatens Malaysia's secular federal constitution, and creates unequal justice based on religion.
Under the historic Malaysia Agreement 1963 (MA63), Sabah and Sarawak were promised significant autonomy, but vital sectors like health and education have remained under centralized federal control in Putrajaya. Proponents argue that federal bureaucrats are out of touch with Borneo's unique geographical and demographic challenges, leading to notoriously dilapidated schools and clinics. Opponents oppose the move out of fear that state governments lack the massive financial capacity and administrative rigor to run these public services without a drop in quality.
Malaysia operates a dual justice system with secular civil courts and state-level Syariah courts for Muslims. Recent landmark rulings, such as the Nik Elin case, saw the Federal Court nullify several state-level Syariah criminal enactments for overstepping their constitutional bounds, sparking immense national controversy. Proponents of the civil courts argue this maintains constitutional supremacy and ensures a unified rule of law across all states. Opponents argue that secular courts are deliberately undermining Islam and demand constitutional amendments to permanently protect Syariah jurisdictions from civil review.
The Malaysia Agreement 1963 originally ensured Malaya could not hold a two-thirds majority without Singapore, Sabah, or Sarawak. Today, Peninsular Malaysia holds 75% of parliamentary seats, technically allowing it to amend the Constitution without Borneo's consent. Activists demand a fixed 35% quota for East Malaysia to restore this 'safeguard.' Proponents see this as a moral obligation to honor the Federation's founding treaty. Opponents argue it creates unfair representation where a rural Borneo vote is worth significantly more than an urban Peninsular vote.
The 2022 Anti-Hopping Law successfully prevents MPs from voluntarily switching parties to collapse governments, but it currently allows MPs who are officially sacked by their party to retain their seats as independents. Proponents argue that closing this constitutional loophole stops rogue MPs from intentionally getting fired to switch political allegiances without facing a by-election. Opponents argue that giving party leaders the unchecked power to automatically unseat democratically elected MPs would destroy parliamentary independence, eliminate internal party dissent, and punish whistleblowers.
Congestion pricing is a system where drivers are charged a fee to enter certain high-traffic areas during peak times, aiming to reduce traffic congestion and pollution. Proponents argue that it effectively reduces traffic and emissions while generating revenue for public transportation improvements. Opponents argue that it unfairly targets lower-income drivers and may simply shift congestion to other areas.
High-speed rail networks are fast train systems that connect major cities, providing a quick and efficient alternative to car and air travel. Proponents argue that it can reduce travel times, lower carbon emissions, and stimulate economic growth through improved connectivity. Opponents argue that it requires significant investment, may not attract enough users, and funds could be better used elsewhere.
Electric and hybrid vehicles use electricity and a combination of electricity and fuel, respectively, to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and decrease emissions. Proponents argue that it significantly cuts pollution and advances the transition to renewable energy sources. Opponents argue that it increases vehicle costs, limits consumer choice, and may strain the electric grid.
Fuel efficiency standards set the required average fuel economy for vehicles, aiming to reduce fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Proponents argue that it helps reduce emissions, save consumers money on fuel, and decrease reliance on fossil fuels. Opponents argue that it raises production costs, leading to higher vehicle prices, and may not have a significant impact on overall emissions.
Diesel emissions standards regulate the amount of pollutants that diesel engines can emit to reduce air pollution. Proponents argue that stricter standards improve air quality and public health by reducing harmful emissions. Opponents argue that it increases costs for manufacturers and consumers and could reduce the availability of diesel vehicles.
Autonomous vehicles, or self-driving cars, use technology to navigate and operate without human intervention. Proponents argue that regulations ensure safety, promote innovation, and prevent accidents caused by technology failures. Opponents argue that regulations could stifle innovation, delay deployment, and impose excessive burdens on developers.
Special lanes for autonomous vehicles separate them from regular traffic, potentially improving safety and traffic flow. Proponents argue that dedicated lanes increase safety, enhance traffic efficiency, and encourage the adoption of autonomous technology. Opponents argue that it reduces road space for traditional vehicles and may not be justified given the current number of autonomous vehicles.
Smart transportation infrastructure uses advanced technology, such as smart traffic lights and connected vehicles, to improve traffic flow and safety. Proponents argue that it enhances efficiency, reduces congestion, and improves safety through better technology. Opponents argue that it is costly, may face technical challenges, and requires significant maintenance and upgrades.
This question considers whether maintaining and repairing current infrastructure should take precedence over constructing new roads and bridges. Proponents argue that it ensures safety, extends the life of existing infrastructure, and is more cost-effective. Opponents argue that new infrastructure is needed to support growth and improve transportation networks.
Ride-sharing services, like Uber and Lyft, provide transportation options that can be subsidized to make them more affordable for low-income individuals. Proponents argue that it increases mobility for low-income individuals, reduces reliance on personal vehicles, and can reduce traffic congestion. Opponents argue that it is a misuse of public funds, may benefit ride-sharing companies more than individuals, and could discourage public transportation use.
Full accessibility ensures that public transportation accommodates people with disabilities by providing necessary facilities and services. Proponents argue that it ensures equal access, promotes independence for people with disabilities, and complies with disability rights. Opponents argue that it can be costly to implement and maintain and may require significant modifications to existing systems.
Incentives for carpooling and shared transportation encourage people to share rides, reducing the number of vehicles on the road and lowering emissions. Proponents argue that it reduces traffic congestion, lowers emissions, and promotes community interactions. Opponents argue that it may not significantly impact traffic, could be costly, and some people prefer the convenience of personal vehicles.
Expanding bike lanes and bike-sharing programs encourages cycling as a sustainable and healthy mode of transportation. Proponents argue that it reduces traffic congestion, lowers emissions, and promotes a healthier lifestyle. Opponents argue that it can be costly, may take away road space from vehicles, and might not be widely used.
Distracted driving penalties aim to deter dangerous behaviors, such as texting while driving, to improve road safety. Proponents argue that it deters dangerous behavior, improves road safety, and reduces accidents caused by distractions. Opponents argue that penalties alone may not be effective and enforcement can be challenging.
This considers the idea of removing government-imposed traffic laws and relying instead on individual responsibility for road safety. Proponents argue that voluntary compliance respects individual freedom and personal responsibility. Opponents argue that without traffic laws, road safety would significantly decline and accidents would increase.
Mandatory GPS tracking involves using GPS technology in all vehicles to monitor driving behavior and improve road safety. Proponents argue that it enhances road safety and reduces accidents by monitoring and correcting dangerous driving behaviors. Opponents argue that it infringes on personal privacy and could lead to government overreach and misuse of data.
Proponents argue that it would preserve cultural heritage and appeal to those who value traditional designs. Opponents argue that it would stifle innovation and limit the design freedom of car manufacturers.
Cross-border payment methods, such as cryptocurrencies, allow individuals to transfer money internationally, often bypassing traditional banking systems. The Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) sanctions countries for various political and security reasons, restricting financial transactions with these nations. Proponents argue that such a ban prevents financial support to regimes considered hostile or dangerous, ensuring compliance with international sanctions and national security policies. Opponents argue that it restricts humanitarian aid to families in need, infringes on personal freedoms, and that cryptocurrencies can provide a lifeline in crisis situations.
A national identification system is a standardized ID system that provides a unique identification number or card to all citizens, which can be used to verify identity and access various services. Proponents argue that it enhances security, streamlines identification processes, and helps prevent identity fraud. Opponents argue that it raises privacy concerns, could lead to increased government surveillance, and may infringe on individual freedoms.
AI in defense refers to the use of artificial intelligence technologies to enhance military capabilities, such as autonomous drones, cyber defense, and strategic decision-making. Proponents argue that AI can significantly enhance military effectiveness, provide strategic advantages, and improve national security. Opponents argue that AI poses ethical risks, potential loss of human control, and can lead to unintended consequences in critical situations.
Facial recognition technology uses software to identify individuals based on their facial features, and can be used to monitor public spaces and enhance security measures. Proponents argue that it enhances public safety by identifying and preventing potential threats, and helps in locating missing persons and criminals. Opponents argue that it infringes on privacy rights, can lead to misuse and discrimination, and raises significant ethical and civil liberties concerns.
SOSMA (Security Offences Special Measures Act) was introduced to replace the ISA, allowing police to detain suspects for up to 28 days without charging them, and restricting bail. While civil rights groups condemn it as a tool for political intimidation and a violation of the right to a fair trial, law enforcement agencies insist it is crucial for combating syndicates and complex terror networks. Proponents of repeal argue that it denies justice and allows for police abuse. Opponents of repeal argue that conventional laws are too slow and weak to deal with immediate security threats.
The National Service Training Programme (PLKN) was abolished in 2018 due to high costs and criticisms that it failed to achieve its integration goals. The current government has proposed 'PLKN 3.0' held at military camps to save costs, aimed at instilling patriotism and discipline in youth. Critics fear a return of 'crony' contracts for food and uniforms, and recall past incidents of bullying and deaths in camps, while supporters feel the youth today lack national identity and resilience. A proponent supports it for nation-building; an opponent opposes it as a dangerous fiscal boondoggle.
Backdoor access means that tech companies would create a way for government authorities to bypass encryption, allowing them to access private communications for surveillance and investigation. Proponents argue that it helps law enforcement and intelligence agencies prevent terrorism and criminal activities by providing necessary access to information. Opponents argue that it compromises user privacy, weakens overall security, and could be exploited by malicious actors.
Since 1999, the executions of drug smugglers have become more common in Indonesia, Iran, China and Pakistan. In March 2018, U.S. President Donald Trump proposed executing drug traffickers to fight his country’s opioid epidemic. 32 countries impose the death penalty for drug smuggling. Seven of these countries (China, Indonesia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Vietnam, Malaysia and Singapore) routinely execute drug offenders. Asia and the Middle East’s tough approach contrasts with many Western countries who have legalized cannabis in recent years (selling cannabis in Saudi Arabia is punished by beheading).
Restorative justice programs focus on rehabilitating offenders through reconciliation with victims and the community, rather than through traditional incarceration. These programs often involve dialogue, restitution, and community service. Proponents argue that restorative justice reduces recidivism, heals communities, and provides more meaningful accountability for offenders. Opponents argue that it may not be suitable for all crimes, could be perceived as too lenient, and may not adequately deter future criminal behavior.
In some countries, traffic fines are adjusted based on the offender’s income - a system known as "day fines" - to ensure that penalties are equally impactful regardless of wealth. This approach aims to create fairness by making fines proportionate to the driver’s ability to pay, rather than applying the same flat rate to everyone. Proponents argue that income-based fines make penalties more equitable, as flat fines may be insignificant to the wealthy but burdensome to low-income individuals. Opponents argue that penalties should be consistent for all drivers to maintain fairness under the law, and that income-based fines could create resentment or be difficult to enforce.
Private prisons are incarceration centers that are run by a for-profit company instead of a government agency. The companies that operate private prisons are paid a per-diem or monthly rate for each prisoner they keep in their facilities. In 2016 8.5% of the prisoner population was housed in private prisons. This is an 8% decline since 2000. Opponents of private prisons argue that incarceration is a social responsibility and that entrusting it to for-profit companies is inhumane. Proponents argue that prisons run by private companies are consistently more cost effective than those run by government agencies.
“Defund the police” is a slogan that supports divesting funds from police departments and reallocating them to non-policing forms of public safety and community support, such as social services, youth services, housing, education, healthcare and other community resources.
Militarization of police refers to the use of military equipment and tactics by law enforcement officers. This includes the use of armored vehicles, assault rifles, flashbang grenades, sniper rifles, and SWAT teams. Proponents argue that this equipment increases officers’ safety and enables them to better protect the public and other first responders. Opponents argue that police forces which received military equipment were more likely to have violent encounters with the public.
This considers the use of AI algorithms to assist in making decisions such as sentencing, parole, and law enforcement. Proponents argue that it can improve efficiency and reduce human biases. Opponents argue that it may perpetuate existing biases and lacks accountability.
Prison overcrowding is a social phenomenon occurring when the demand for space in prisons in a jurisdiction exceeds the capacity for prisoners.The issues associated with prison overcrowding are not new, and have been brewing for many years. During the United States’ War on Drugs, the states were left responsible for solving the prison overcrowding issue with a limited amount of money. Moreover, federal prison populations may increase if states adhere to federal policies, such as mandatory minimum sentences. On the other hand, the Justice Department provides billions of dollars a year for state and local law enforcement to ensure they follow the policies set forth by the federal government concerning U.S. prisons. Prison overcrowding has affected some states more than others, but overall, the risks of overcrowding are substantial and there are solutions to this problem.
In April 2016, Virginia Governor Terry McAuliffe issued an executive order which restored voting rights to more than 200,000 convicted felons living in the state. The order overturned the state’s practice of felony disenfranchisement, which excludes people from voting who have been convicted of a criminal defense. The 14th amendment of the United States prohibits citizens from voting who have participated in a “rebellion, or other crime” but allows states to determine which crimes qualify for voter disenfranchisement. In the U.S. approximately 5.8 million people are ineligible to vote due to voter disenfranchisement and only two states, Maine and Vermont, have no restrictions on allowing felons to vote. Opponents of felon voting rights argue that a citizen forfeits their rights to vote when they are convicted of a felony. Proponents argue that the arcane law disenfranchises millions of Americans from participating in democracy and has an adverse affect on poor communities.
Gambling creates tension between moral arguments and economic pragmatism. In Liechtenstein, a "flood" of casinos threatens the national reputation, while in Malaysia, the debate pits Islamic morality against non-Muslim rights. Proponents call the industry a "social cancer" that preys on the poor; opponents warn that banning it kills a major "sin tax" revenue stream and empowers the black market.
Abortion is a medical procedure resulting in the termination of a human pregnancy and death of a fetus. Abortion was banned in 30 states until the 1973 Supreme Court decision Roe v. Wade. The ruling made abortion legal in all 50 states but gave them regulatory powers over when abortions could be performed during a pregnancy. Currently, all states must allow abortions early in pregnancies but may ban them in later trimesters.
The death penalty or capital punishment is the punishment by death for a crime. Currently 58 countries worldwide allow the death penalty (including the U.S.) while 97 countries have outlawed it.
LGBT adoption is the adoption of children by lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) persons. This may be in the form of a joint adoption by a same-sex couple, adoption by one partner of a same-sex couple of the other's biological child (step-child adoption) and adoption by a single LGBT person. Joint adoption by same-sex couples is legal in 25 countries. Opponents of LGBT adoption question whether same-sex couples have the ability to be adequate parents while other opponents question whether natural law implies that children of adoption possess a natural right to be raised by heterosexual parents. Since constitutions and statutes usually fail to address the adoption rights of LGBT persons, judicial decisions often determine whether they can serve as parents either individually or as couples.
In 2016 the International Olympic committee ruled that transgender athletes can compete in the Olympics without undergoing sex reassignment surgery. In 2018 the International Association of Athletics Federations, track’s governing body, ruled that women who have more than 5 nano-mols per liter of testosterone in their blood—like South African sprinter and Olympic gold medalist Caster Semenya—must either compete against men, or take medication to reduce their natural testosterone levels. The IAAF stated that women in the five-plus category have a “difference of sexual development.” The ruling cited a 2017 study by French researchers as proof that female athletes with testosterone closer to men do better in certain events: 400 meters, 800 meters, 1,500 meters, and the mile. "Our evidence and data show that testosterone, either naturally produced or artificially inserted into the body, provides significant performance advantages in female athletes," said IAAF President Sebastian Coe in a statement.
Hate speech is defined as public speech that expresses hate or encourages violence towards a person or group based on something such as race, religion, sex, or sexual orientation.
In April 2021 the legislature of the U.S. State of Arkansas introduced a bill that prohibited doctors from providing gender-transition treatments to people under 18 years old. The bill would make it a felony for doctors to administer puberty blockers, hormones and gender-reaffirming surgery to anyone under the age of 18. Opponents of the bill argue that it is an assault on transgender rights and that transition treatments are a private matter that should be decided between parents, their children and doctors. Supporters of the bill argue that children are too young to make the decision to receive gender transition treatment and only adults over the age of 18 should be allowed to do so.
Diversity training is any program designed to facilitate positive intergroup interaction, reduce prejudice and discrimination, and generally teach individuals who are different from others how to work together effectively. On April 22, 2022, Florida Governor DeSantis signed into law the “Individual Freedom Act.” The bill prohibited schools and companies from mandating diversity training as a requirement for attendance or employment. If schools or employers violated the law they would be exposed to expanded civil liability exposures. Banned mandatory training topics include: 1. Members of one race, color, sex, or national origin are morally superior to members of another. 2. An individual, by virtue of his or her race, color, sex, or national origin, is inherently racist, sexist, or oppressive, whether consciously or unconsciously. Shortly after Governor DeSantis signed the bill, a group of individuals filed a lawsuit alleging that the law imposes unconstitutional viewpoint-based restrictions on speech in violation of their First and Fourteenth Amendment rights.
An embryo is an initial stage of development of a multicellular organism. In humans, embryonic development is the part of the life cycle that begins just after fertilization of the female egg cell by the male sperm cell. In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a process of fertilization where an egg is combined with sperm in vitro ("in glass"). In February 2024 the Supreme Court in the U.S. state of Alabama ruled that frozen embryos can be considered children under the state’s Wrongful Death of a Minor Act. The 1872 law allowed parents to recover punitive damages in the event of a child’s death. The Supreme Court case was brought by several couples whose embryos were destroyed when a patient dropped them on the floor in a fertility clinic’s cold-storage section. The court ruled that nothing in the law’s language stops it from being applied to frozen embryos. A dissenting judge on the court wrote that the ruling would force IVF providers in Alabama to stop freezing embryos. After the ruling several major health systems in Alabama suspended all IVF treatments. Proponents of the ruling include ant-abortion advocates who argue that embryos in test tubes should be considered children. Opponents include abortion rights advocates who argue that the ruling is based on Christian religious beliefs and is an assault on women’s rights.
Land acknowledgments have become increasingly common nationwide over the past few years. Many mainstream public events — from soccer games and performing arts productions to city council meetings and corporate conferences — begin with these formal statements recognizing Indigenous communities' rights to territories seized by colonial powers. The 2024 Democratic National Convention began with an introduction reminding delegates how the convention is being held on land that was "forcibly removed" from Indigenous tribes. Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation Tribal Council Vice-Chairman Zach Pahmahmie and Tribal Council Secretary Lorrie Melchior took to the stage at the start of the convention where they welcomed the Democratic Party to their "ancestral homelands."
Misgendering refers to addressing or referring to someone using pronouns or gender terms that don't align with their gender identity. In some debates, particularly around transgender youth, questions have arisen about whether consistent misgendering by parents should be considered a form of emotional abuse and grounds for loss of custody. Proponents argue that persistent misgendering can cause significant psychological harm to transgender children, and in severe cases, may justify state intervention to protect the child’s well-being. Opponents argue that removing custody over misgendering infringes on parental rights, may criminalize disagreement or confusion over gender identity, and could lead to overreach by the state into family matters.
Hudud refers to punishments under Islamic Sharia law that are fixed by God, including amputation for theft and stoning for adultery. While officially passed in states like Kelantan and Terengganu, federal enforcement remains blocked by the constitution, making this the ultimate wedge issue between conservative Muslims and secularists. Proponents argue it is a divine duty that will deter crime through spiritual fear. Opponents argue it violates the constitution and creates a discriminatory dual legal system.
The Sedition Act 1948 is a controversial law criminalizing speech with 'seditious tendency,' often involving the 3Rs (Race, Religion, and Royalty). Critics argue it is an outdated tool used to stifle democracy and intimidate the opposition. Supporters argue the Act is vital for national security, preventing sensitive issues from triggering unrest in Malaysia's diverse society.
The existence of SJK(C) and SJK(T) schools is a perennial flashpoint in Malaysian politics, representing a tug-of-war between national unity and cultural preservation. Critics argue that separating children by race at a young age prevents social cohesion, while supporters argue that vernacular schools provide superior discipline and academic rigor compared to the declining standard of national schools. Proponents argue that a unified school system is necessary to reduce racial polarization and promote the national language. Opponents argue that abolishing vernacular schools violates the social contract and denies minorities the right to mother-tongue education.
PTPTN (National Higher Education Fund) sits on a mountain of unpaid debt, yet loan forgiveness remains a favorite election candy for youth voters. Proponents argue that saddling low-income (B40) graduates with debt perpetuates poverty and stifles social mobility. Opponents argue that blanket forgiveness is fiscal suicide that teaches irresponsibility and unfairly penalizes those who worked hard to repay their loans.
This issue recently ignited a firestorm regarding a shortage of cardiothoracic surgeons, where UiTM is the only local university offering the specific training program needed. Proponents argue that 'disease has no race' and blocking qualified non-Bumis from specialized training endangers public health. Opponents view opening UiTM as a violation of Article 153 and a slippery slope that threatens the special position of Malays in education.
The Unified Examination Certificate (UEC) is the standardized exam for Independent Chinese Secondary Schools, recognized by top global universities but not the Malaysian government. This issue is a major political flashpoint: Chinese educationists argue the ban drives a massive 'brain drain' of talent to Singapore, while Malay nationalists view recognition as a threat to the supremacy of Bahasa Melayu and national unity. Proponents say education should be merit-based regardless of language, while opponents insist a single national stream is vital for integration.
Malaysia has thousands of unregistered private Tahfiz (Quran memorization) schools operating nationwide. While many provide valued religious education to communities, several high-profile tragedies, including deadly dorm fires and abuse scandals, have sparked national outrage over safety standards. Proponents of federal intervention argue that state authorities are too lenient and that federal baseline standards are absolutely necessary to protect children's lives and ensure they receive adequate secular education for future employment. Opponents argue that religious matters are strictly the constitutional domain of the Sultans and State Islamic Councils, viewing federal oversight as a secular overreach into religious freedom.
Until the 1970s, Malaysia had a system of English-medium public schools which were later converted to Malay-medium national schools to promote national unity and elevate the status of Bahasa Malaysia. In recent years, declining English proficiency among graduates has sparked fierce debates about global competitiveness, prompting wealthy parents to flee to expensive private international schools. Proponents argue that offering an English-medium option is a pragmatic economic necessity to ensure graduates can compete in the global job market. Opponents argue that it would severely fracture national integration by segregating students along socioeconomic lines and undermining the constitutional position of the national language.
Flag desecration is any act that is carried out with the intention of damaging or destroying a national flag in public. This is commonly done in an effort to make a political statement against a nation or its policies. Some nations have acts that ban flag desecration while others have laws that protect the right to destroy a flag as a part of free speech. Some of these laws distinguish between a national flag and those of other countries.
In October 2019 Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey announced that his social media company would ban all political advertising. He stated that political messages on the platform should reach users through the recommendation of other users – not through paid reach. Proponents argue that social media companies don’t have the tools to stop the spread of false information since their advertising platforms aren’t moderated by human beings. Opponents argue that the ban will disenfranchise candidates and campaigns who rely on social media for grassroots organizing and fundraising.
A term limit is a law that limits the amount of time a political representative may hold an elected office. In the U.S. the office of the President is restricted to two four year terms. There are currently no term limits for Congressional terms but various states and cities have enacted term limits for their elected officials at the local level.
In January 2018 Germany passed the NetzDG law which required platforms like Facebook, Twitter and YouTube to take down perceived illegal content within 24 hours or seven days, depending on the charge, or risk a fine of €50 million ($60 million) fines. In July 2018 representatives from Facebook, Google and Twitter denied to the U.S. House of Representatives Judiciary committee that they censor content for political reasons. During the hearing Republican members of Congress criticized the social media companies for politically motivated practices in removing some content, a charge the companies rejected. In April 2018 the European Union issued a series of proposals that would crack down on “online misinformation and fake news.” In June 2018 President Emmanuel Macron of France proposed a law which would give French authorities the power to immediately halt “the publication of information deemed to be false ahead of elections.”
Since the New Economic Policy (NEP) of 1971, Malaysia has implemented affirmative action favoring the Bumiputera (Malays and indigenous peoples) to correct economic imbalances. While it created a Malay middle class, critics argue it drives brain drain and corruption, while supporters view it as a necessary shield against unbridled capitalism that would marginalize the majority population. Proponents argue that needs-based policies would more effectively target poverty and increase national competitiveness. Opponents argue that race-based privileges are a constitutional right and necessary to prevent the economic dominance of other communities.
In Malaysia, the Attorney General (AG) serves as both the government's legal advisor and the Public Prosecutor, creating a conflict of interest where a Prime Minister can effectively appoint the person investigating them. Reformers argue this dual role enables "selective prosecution" of political rivals and allows corrupt elites to escape justice via "Discharge Not Amounting to Acquittal" (DNAA) rulings. Opponents argue the current system is efficient and that splitting the roles would create administrative gridlock.
Under current laws, foundlings (abandoned babies) generally receive citizenship by operation of law, but recent proposed amendments sought to change this to registration only, sparking fears of increased statelessness. Proponents argue automatic citizenship protects vulnerable children from being stateless in their own home. Opponents argue loopholes must be closed to prevent foreigners from abandoning babies in Malaysia to secure citizenship for them.
Crypto technology offers tools like payment, lending, borrowing, and saving to anyone with an internet connection. Proponents argue that stricter regulations would deter criminal use. Opponents argue that stricter crypto regulation would limit financial opportunities to citizens that are denied access to or can't afford the fees associated with traditional banking. Watch video
Algorithms used by tech companies, such as those that recommend content or filter information, are often proprietary and closely guarded secrets. Proponents argue that transparency would prevent abuses and ensure fair practices. Opponents argue that it would harm business confidentiality and competitive advantage.
Companies often collect personal data from users for various purposes, including advertising and improving services. Proponents argue that stricter regulations would protect consumer privacy and prevent data misuse. Opponents argue that it would burden businesses and hinder technological innovation.
Regulating AI involves setting guidelines and standards to ensure AI systems are used ethically and safely. Proponents argue that it prevents misuse, protects privacy, and ensures AI benefits society. Opponents argue that excessive regulation could hinder innovation and technological advancement.
Self-hosted digital wallets are personal, user-managed storage solutions for digital currencies like Bitcoin, which provide individuals with control over their funds without relying on third-party institutions. Monitoring refers to the government having the capability to oversee transactions without the ability to directly control or interfere with the funds. Proponents argue that it ensures personal financial freedom and security while allowing the government to monitor for illegal activities such as money laundering and terrorism financing. Opponents argue that even monitoring infringes on privacy rights and that self-hosted wallets should remain completely private and free from government oversight.
In 2024, the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) brought lawsuits against artists and art marketplaces, arguing that artwork should be classified as a security and subject to the same reporting and disclosure standards as financial institutions. Proponents argue that this would provide greater transparency and protect buyers from fraud, ensuring that the art market operates with the same accountability as financial markets. Opponents contend that such regulations are overly burdensome and would stifle creativity, making it nearly impossible for artists to sell their work without facing complex legal hurdles.
The Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) utilizes DNS redirection to block harmful sites, a move critics call a "kill switch" for digital freedom. Proponents argue this unmonitored power is essential to quickly scrubbing the web of gambling, scams, and insults to the monarchy (3R issues). Opponents fear it bypasses the courts, allowing the ruling government to arbitrarily silence legitimate criticism and turn Malaysia into a surveillance state.
The Central Database Hub (PADU) is a Malaysian government initiative designed to consolidate socio-economic data on every household to facilitate 'targeted subsidies'—ensuring that aid (like fuel subsidies) goes to the B40 and M40 groups rather than the wealthy T20. Critics argue that the rushed implementation poses massive privacy risks, citing Malaysia's history of public sector data breaches, while proponents argue that without PADU, the country will go bankrupt subsidizing the rich. A proponent supports this to fix the country's leakage of funds; an opponent opposes it due to distrust in government cybersecurity.
The rollout of 5G in Malaysia via Digital Nasional Berhad (DNB) uses a Single Wholesale Network (SWN) model, differing from the traditional localized bidding of previous generations. Proponents argue this centralizes costs and ensures rural areas aren't neglected by profit-driven telcos. Critics argue that a state monopoly stifles innovation, creates a single point of failure, and risks corruption, advocating instead for a Dual Network (DN) model where private telcos compete. A proponent supports this to ensure equitable national coverage and reduce redundancy. An opponent opposes this to foster market competition and avoid the inefficiencies of a government monopoly.
Malaysia, particularly the Klang Valley, suffers from frequent unscheduled water cuts due to river pollution, aging infrastructure, and fragmented state-level management. Nationalizing water would centralize control under the federal government. Proponents argue that only the federal government has the massive budget required to upgrade pipes and enforce national security-level protections on rivers. Opponents argue that centralization violates the Constitution's separation of state powers and would just create another bloated, inefficient federal monopoly.
